For five centuries the Western Hemisphere has been contested by successive imperial orders. Iberian dominance gave way in the eighteenth century to Anglo-French rivalry, culminating in Britain’s victory at Quebec in 1759 and the fall of New France. British primacy was in turn undone by the American Revolution, won by the colonists with decisive French and Spanish backing. In 1823, the United States proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine, asserting hemispheric dominance even before the young republic had the means to enforce it.
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