Franklin Roosevelt was president of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Fiorello La Guardia was mayor of New York City from 1934 to 1945. Roosevelt was a Democrat and La Guardia was a Republican, but the two were both personal friends and ideological allies. Between them, they created something new: an institution that Mason Williams, author of the new history City of Ambition, calls the Intergovernmental Public Investment State. From that innovation a host of developments, from the urban renewal program to federally funded transit systems and public housing, were born.
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